Species Kingdom

Species Class

Species Order

Malabarian Pit Viper Craspedocephalus malabaricus

Description

<h3 class="taxon_description_header"> Description from <select name="from" id="from"><option value="Eol">EOL</option> <option value="Inaturalist">iNaturalist</option> <option selected="selected" value="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</option></select> <a class="externallink ui" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedocephalus_malabaricus">View on Wikipedia →</a> </h3> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of snake</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Craspedocephalus</b></i> <i><b>malabaricus</b></i>, (formerly <i>Trimeresurus malabaricus)</i> commonly known as <b>Malabar pit viper</b>, <b>Malabar rock pit viper</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gum04_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gum04-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>rock viper</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-meh1987_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meh1987-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venomous_snake" title="Venomous snake">venomous</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_viper" title="Pit viper">pit viper</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to the high-moderate elevations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of southwestern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Recently this species complex was split into three different species: <i>C. malabaricus</i> (north of Palghat gap), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedocephalus_travancoricus" title="Craspedocephalus travancoricus"><i>C. travancoricus</i></a> (south of Shengottai gap), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedocephalus_anamallensis" title="Craspedocephalus anamallensis"><i>C. anamallensis</i></a> (south of Palghat gap up to north of Shengottai gap).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>Adults may attain a snout-vent length (SVL) of 105 cm (41 in). The tail is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Das2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p>The weakly keeled <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal scale">dorsal scales</a> are arranged in 21 or 19 rows at midbody. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_scales" title="Ventral scales">Ventral scales</a> in the males number 143-158 and in females 136-159. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_scale" title="Anal scale">Anal scale</a> entire. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcaudals" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcaudals">Subcaudals</a> paired and numbering 50-63 in males, 44-54 in females. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasals" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasals">Internasals</a> large and usually touching. There are 9 or 10 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supralabials" class="mw-redirect" title="Supralabials">supralabials</a>, the first completely separated from the nasal. There is a single row of scales between supralabials and elongate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subocular" class="mw-redirect" title="Subocular">subocular</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_scales" title="Temporal scales">temporal scales</a> are smooth or obliquely keeled.<sup id="cite_ref-Whi04_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whi04-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p>Many different colour morphs are known to exist, including colours such as yellow, green, and brown. Shown here is a brown colour morph with pattern. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style> <div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malabar_pit-viper_morphs_(head).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collage of few different morphs"><img alt="Collage of few different morphs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malabar_pit-viper_morphs_%28head%29.jpg/250px-Malabar_pit-viper_morphs_%28head%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Malabar_pit-viper_morphs_%28head%29.jpg/330px-Malabar_pit-viper_morphs_%28head%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3954" data-file-height="5536"></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collage of few different morphs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malabar_pit_viper.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dorsal view"><img alt="Dorsal view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Malabar_pit_viper.jpg/250px-Malabar_pit_viper.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Malabar_pit_viper.jpg/330px-Malabar_pit_viper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Malabar_pit_viper.jpg/500px-Malabar_pit_viper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="603"></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dorsal view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown morph of in ambush position"><img alt="Brown morph of in ambush position" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG/250px-Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG/330px-Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG/500px-Trimeresurus_Malabaricus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brown morph of in ambush position</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brown morph"><img alt="Brown morph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg/250px-Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg/330px-Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg/500px-Malabarpitviperbrown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="963"></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Brown morph</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div> <p>The species is endemic to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> mountains, occurring along the southern and western <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> at 600–2,000 metres (2,000–6,600 ft) elevation. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">type locality</a> is the Western Ghats of southwestern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. Records of this species are from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Valley_National_Park" title="Silent Valley National Park">Silent Valley</a>, western <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilgiris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilgiris">Nilgiris</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnad" class="mw-redirect" title="Malnad">Malnad</a> region of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_Rock,_Karnataka" title="Castle Rock, Karnataka">Castle Rock</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> and northwards into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amboli,_Sindhudurg" title="Amboli, Sindhudurg">Amboli</a> hills and Kolhapur area.<sup id="cite_ref-McD99_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McD99-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It inhabits riparian forests and is very partial to hill streams and torrents, situated within dense wet <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a>, sometimes also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> forests, where it may be found on the ground, on rocks present in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">stream</a> beds, on low vegetation, or in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Das2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2></div> <p>The Malabar pit viper is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> and usually inactive in the day, sometimes seen basking on rocks or trees near streams. It is more commonly encountered during the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> months. The species preys upon <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>, nestling <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musk_shrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Musk shrew">musk shrews</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a> and other small animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Das2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Das2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (January 2019)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Venom">Venom</h2></div> <p><i>C. malabaricus</i> is slow-moving, but capable of fast strikes. Its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venom" title="Venom">venom</a> causes moderate pain and swelling to humans. These symptoms subside in a day or two.<sup id="cite_ref-Whi04_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whi04-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style> <cite id="CITEREFSrinivasulu,_C.Srinivasulu,_B.Shankar,_G.Thakur,_S.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, B.; Shankar, G.; Thakur, S.; Kulkarni, N.U. & Jose, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172708/1372028">"<i> Craspedocephalus malabaricus</i>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2013</b>: e.T172708A1372028. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=+Craspedocephalus+malabaricus&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=e.T172708A1372028&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172708A1372028.en&rft.au=Srinivasulu%2C+C.&rft.au=Srinivasulu%2C+B.&rft.au=Shankar%2C+G.&rft.au=Thakur%2C+S.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+N.U.&rft.au=Jose%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F172708%2F1372028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraspedocephalus+malabaricus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gum04-3"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gum04_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gumprecht A, Tillack F, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola%C3%AF_Orlov" class="extiw" title="fr:Nikolaï Orlov">Orlov NL</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Captain" title="Ashok Captain">Captain A</a>, Ryabov S. 2004. <i>Asian Pitvipers</i>. Geitje Books. Berlin. 1st Edition. 368 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-937975-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-937975-00-4">3-937975-00-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meh1987-4"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meh1987_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <cite id="CITEREFMehrtens1987" class="citation book cs1">Mehrtens, John M. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingsnakesofwo00mehr"><i>Living snakes of the world in color</i></a></span>. Sterling Pub. Co. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806964607" title="Special:BookSources/9780806964607"><bdi>9780806964607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+snakes+of+the+world+in+color&rft.pub=Sterling+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780806964607&rft.aulast=Mehrtens&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingsnakesofwo00mehr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraspedocephalus+malabaricus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <cite id="CITEREFMallikSrikanthanGaneshVijayakumar2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mallik, Ashok Kumar; Srikanthan, Achyuthan Needamangalam; Ganesh, Sumaithangi Rajagopalan; Vijayakumar, Seenapuram Palaniswamy; Campbell, Patrick D.; Malhotra, Anita; Shanker, Kartik (6 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/66239/">"Resolving pitfalls in pit viper systematics – A multi-criteria approach to species delimitation in pit vipers (Reptilia, Viperidae, Craspedocephalus) of Peninsular India reveals cryptic diversity"</a>. <i>Vertebrate Zoology</i>. <b>71</b>: <span class="nowrap">577–</span>619. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fvz.71.e66239">10.3897/vz.71.e66239</a></span>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2625-8498">2625-8498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vertebrate+Zoology&rft.atitle=Resolving+pitfalls+in+pit+viper+systematics+%E2%80%93+A+multi-criteria+approach+to+species+delimitation+in+pit+vipers+%28Reptilia%2C+Viperidae%2C+Craspedocephalus%29+of+Peninsular+India+reveals+cryptic+diversity&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=577-619&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fvz.71.e66239&rft.issn=2625-8498&rft.aulast=Mallik&rft.aufirst=Ashok+Kumar&rft.au=Srikanthan%2C+Achyuthan+Needamangalam&rft.au=Ganesh%2C+Sumaithangi+Rajagopalan&rft.au=Vijayakumar%2C+Seenapuram+Palaniswamy&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Patrick+D.&rft.au=Malhotra%2C+Anita&rft.au=Shanker%2C+Kartik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com%2Farticle%2F66239%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACraspedocephalus+malabaricus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Das2002-6"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Das2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Das2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Das, Indraneil. 2002. <i>A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India</i>. Ralph Curtis Books. Sanibel Island, Florida. 144 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88359-056-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88359-056-5">0-88359-056-5</a>. (<i>Trimeresurus malabaricus</i>, p. 66.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whi04-7"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whi04_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whi04_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Whitaker" title="Romulus Whitaker">Whitaker R</a>, Captain A. 2004. <i>Snakes of India, The Field Guide</i>. Draco books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McD99-8"> <span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McD99_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDiarmid RW, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_A._Campbell" title="Jonathan A. Campbell">Campbell JA</a>, Touré T. 1999. <i>Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1</i>. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893777-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-893777-00-6">1-893777-00-6</a> (series). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-893777-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-893777-01-4">1-893777-01-4</a> (volume).</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style> <div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._Jerdon" title="Thomas C. Jerdon">Jerdon, T.C.</a> 1854 ["1853"]. Catalogue of Reptiles inhabiting the Peninsula of India. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal <b>22</b>: 522-534.</li> <li> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Arthur_Smith" title="Malcolm Arthur Smith">Smith, M.A.</a> 1943. <i>The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes</i>. Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, Printers.) London. xii + 583 pp. (<i>Trimeresurus malabaricus</i>, p. 513.)</li> </ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style> </div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody> <tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Craspedocephalus malabaricus</i></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109232820" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109232820">Q109232820</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Craspedocephalus_malabaricus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Craspedocephalus malabaricus">Craspedocephalus malabaricus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8S5BN">8S5BN</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1304708">1304708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DCraspedocephalus%26species%3Dmalabaricus">malabaricus</a></span></span></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Trimeresurus malabaricus</i></th> <td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2477212" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q2477212">Q2477212</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Trimeresurus_malabaricus/">Trimeresurus_malabaricus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/790414">790414</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5960913">5960913</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/30962">30962</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10367429">10367429</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=634923">634923</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/172708/0">172708</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=109784">109784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/103959/">103959</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=450719">450719</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile_Database" title="Reptile Database">RD</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?url_prefix=https%3A%2F%2Freptile-database.reptarium.cz%2Fspecies%3F&id=genus%3DTrimeresurus%26species%3Dmalabaricus">malabaricus</a></span></span></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div>    </div><p class="inat-wikipedia-attribution">This article uses material from the Wikipedia article <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craspedocephalus_malabaricus">"Craspedocephalus malabaricus"</a>, which is released under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike License 3.0</a>. Content may have been omitted from the original, but no content has been changed or extended. </p>

Common Names

Unknown Name

Taxonomic Hierarchy

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Reptilia

Order: Squamata

Family: Viperidae

Genus: Craspedocephalus

Species: Malabarian Pit Viper Craspedocephalus malabaricus

Conservation Status

least concern (LC)